Lead Guitar Improvisation 101
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Dual Lead
A cool technique used by some bands is to have two leads going at the same time and having the leads harmonize with each other. Lynyrd Skynyrd and Iron Maiden achieve this effect using two lead guitarists while Brian May of Queen achieves this effect by himself by using a digital delay box. Common relationships of the notes being played are for both guitars to play the same notes at the same time (ie, playing in unison), harmonizing by having one guitar playing notes an octave higher or lower than the other, and harmonizing by having the 1st note and 3rd note of a musical passage playing at the same time (or, to be more precise, assuming 4 beats per measure, having the notes of the 1st and 3rd beats of a measure playing at the same time), for instance:
 
Major scale example:   1st lead:  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3
                                  2nd lead:         1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1 
 
minor scale example:   1st lead:  6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 7, 6, 5, 4
                                  2nd lead:         6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 7, 6

Dual Lead audio sample #1 in D-minor:

Dual Lead audio sample #2 in D-minor:

***Note: You may have to click "Play" twice on some systems.***

General Comments & Suggestions
You should strive to be able to use any guitar technique on any string at any position of the fretboard; then you will be able to smoothly transition from one technique to another; this is the basis for a long lead solo that doesn't become boring. Practice instills what has been called "finger memory." With practice you will find that your fingers become accustomed to the patterns and know what to do; all you have to do is think of the general idea of the type of pattern and/or technique that you want to do and your fingers just know what to do.

All of the guitar techniques are numerically derived from the basic number pattern of whatever scale type you are using. Expand upon the ideas presented on this website and come up with your own unique number sequences. Experiment!

Shredding
Shredding is just a slang term for playing a guitar solo at warp speed. According to shredder-guru Michael Angelo Batio of the band "Nitro" (http://metalmethod.com/) one key to shredding is to use alternate picking and to hold and move your pick the same way whether you are playing fast or slow; so what you do is try just alternate-picking as fast as you can on just one string and observe how you are holding your pick and how you are picking; then always use that pick angle and rigidity when you are practicing or performing no matter how fast you are playing. He also stresses "Practice, practice, practice." 
 
Another common feature of shredding is the extensive use of Arpeggios. In the shredding style, these are often played as 4-note motifs, ie, Root, 3, 5, Octave. Also, the Arpeggios are often played using sweep picking where the pick is racked across the strings rather than actually picking the strings.
 

Putting it all together
This next audio example demonstrates utilizing all of the techniques discussed on this website to create a long lead solo. See if you can identify the various techniques being used:

"Putting it all together" minor scale audio sample:

Some famous guitar players:
 
( Search http://www.youtube.com for video clips and concert footage of these famous guitar players )
 
Jimi Hendrix
Tony Iommi (Black Sabbath)
Carlos Santana
Randy Rhoads (Quiet Riot, Ozzy Osborne)
Ted Nugent
Eddie Van Halen (Van Halen)
Yngwie Malmsteen
Kirk Hammett (Metallica)
Pete Townshend (The Who)
Gary Rossington, Rickey Medlocke, & Mark Matejka (Lynyrd Skynyrd)
Billy Gibbons (ZZ Top)
John Lennon, George Harrison, & Paul McCartney (The Beatles)
Jeff Beck
Eric Johnson
Dimebag Darrel (Pantera)
Angus Young (AC/DC)
David Gilmore (Pink Floyd)
Slash (Guns & Roses)
Zakk Wylde (Black Label Society, Ozzy Osborne)
Jeff Watson & Brad Gillis (Night Ranger)
Gary Richrath (REO Speedwagon)
Joe Walsh (The Eagles)
Mick Mars (Motley Crue)
Pete Willis, Phil Collen, & Steve Clark (Def Leppard)
Vivian Campbell (Dio, Whitesnake, Def Leppard)
Mike Campbell (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers)
George Lynch (Dokken)
Neal Schon (Journey)
Glen Buxton (Alice Cooper)
Richie Blackmore (Deep Purple)
Steve Morse (Deep Purple since 1994)
Stevie Ray Vaughn
Jimmy Page (Led Zeppelin)
Joe Satriani
Steve Vai
Paul Stanley & Ace Frehley (Kiss)
Eric Clapton
BB King
Glen Tipton & KK Downing (Judas Priest)
Dave Murray, Adrian Smith, & Janick Gers (Iron Maiden)
Richie Sambora (Bon Jovi)
Jake E. Lee (Ozzy Osborne)
Brian May (Queen)
Scott Ian (Anthrax)
Chad Kroeger (Nickelback)
Dave Mustaine & Glen Dover (Megadeth)
Jeff Hanneman & Kerry King (Slayer)
Vernon Reid (Living Color)
Robin Trower
Frank Zappa
Rik Emmett (Triumph)
Steve Lukather (Toto)
Carlos Cavazo (Quiet Riot)
Joe Perry (Aerosmith)
John Fogerty (Creedence Clearwater Revival)
Nancy Wilson (Heart)
Charo (flamenco guitarist)
Esteban
Wolf Hoffmann & Jörg Fischer (Accept)
Michael Angelo Batio (Nitro)

The Art
An outstanding lead part has to be more than just technically, mathematically correct; it has to be moving, somehow it has to convey feeling. Certain playing techniques can help with this such as adding vibrato, string bending, whammy bar techniques, and purposefully playing fast or slow. Also, muting the string with the palm of your picking hand as you pick the string can create a kind of tension or anticipation. Electronic effects can help establish a feeling or atmosphere: distortion or fuzz for creating that rocking out growl; chorus, flange, or phase shifters for creating a romantic, mystical, or theatrical atmosphere; reverb and echo for creating a concert hall atmosphere. I think the key to making a lead part emotionally moving is that you have to make it sing. The lead part has to literally sing. B. B. King's playing style is an example; you will notice something he does is that he will sing along with what he's playing and the guitar will be hitting the exact same notes that he's singing. The guitar acts as a voice. The guitar literally sings. In your mind, as you play lead, think of the words, lyrics, or just the pure emotion of what the lead part is trying to express and have your guitar find the matching tones. In this way you can break away from strictly scale-based playing and enter the world of melodies. In my opinion, what makes an outstanding lead part is when the guitar sings while at the same time adhering to the scientific principles of music theory discussed in the text - a blending of science and art.

 

End of lessons.
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